{"id":16,"date":"2008-09-26T10:50:35","date_gmt":"2008-09-26T01:20:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kien-thuc-thong-tin-voi-giao-duc-dai-hoc"},"modified":"2019-03-31T12:23:38","modified_gmt":"2019-03-31T04:53:38","slug":"kien-thuc-thong-tin-voi-giao-duc-dai-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nxhuy.net\/?p=16","title":{"rendered":"Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

1. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Spitzer, Eisenberg, v\u00e0 Lowe (1998) kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Paul Zurkowski, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Th\u00f4ng tin (M\u1ef9), l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1974. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0169 b\u00e3o c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin c\u0169ng nh\u01b0\u00a0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng tin cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d (Spitzer, Eisenberg, v\u00e0 Lowe, 1998, tr.. 22). Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1989, khi b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p H\u1ed9i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd (Bruce, 1997).<\/p>\n

Theo Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u1ef9 (ACRL, 1989), n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cnh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3\u201d. Cheek v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c (1995, tr. 2) tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a McKie v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cn\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng tin, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin trong vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i do ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng tin, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c t\u00ecm tin, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh ngu\u1ed3n tin, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng tin, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin. V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, Vi\u1ec7n N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u00dac v\u00e0 New Zealand (2004, tr.3 \u2013 4) cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng tin<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Khai th\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp hay t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bi\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf tri th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, t\u1ea1o tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Theo Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i C\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 (ACRL, 1989), ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201c\u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi h\u1ecd n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tri th\u1ee9c, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

2. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch bao g\u1ed3m: \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin; c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o khung ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. N\u1ed9i dung th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i dung, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin. N\u1ed9i dung th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1n \u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

2.1. N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n

Sinh vi\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng x\u1eed l\u00fd, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Rader (1996) \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u201cGi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap sinh vi\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin. Theo \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ct\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u201d, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 manh m\u00fan.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u201cc\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c\u201d<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn chung, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat nh\u1eefng g\u00ec\u00a0 h\u1ecd nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tham gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a sinh vi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc. Eskola (1998), g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cactivating teaching\u201d (gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u00edch c\u1ef1c), n\u01a1i sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng tri th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra tri th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin trong vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p cho sinh vi\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean (theo Doskatsch, 2001)<\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, sinh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n bao ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i dung, t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, t\u00ednh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n tin\u201d.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm r\u00f5 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tri\u1ec3n khai b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, Bruce (1997) khuy\u00ean r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 (c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp) n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Bruce cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o khung ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, Bruce (1997, tr. 2) ch\u1ec9 ra hai th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

– Vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin cho gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

– Cung c\u1ea5p cho sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

2.2. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p.<\/h3>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, s\u1ee9c \u00e9p t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng tin, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 n\u00e9t th\u00f4ng qua ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc. Bundy (2004, tr. 4) kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cvi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua tri\u1ebft l\u00fd l\u1ea5y sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, qua vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin \u2013 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng\u201d. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p cho sinh vi\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Theo Vi\u1ec7n N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u00dac \u2013 New Zealand (ANZIIL, 2004, tr. 5.):<\/p>\n

\u201cVi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u00f5 trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh n\u1eafm b\u1eaft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong su\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t huy vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, Bundy (2004, tr. 5) cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin. T\u1ea1i \u00dac, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh trong \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o. C\u1edf s\u1edf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0: khi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau? Kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m m\u00e1y t\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin? (Theo Bruce, 1997, tr. 10<\/em>)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd\/ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, theo Bruce (2001), c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. T\u00f9y theo m\u1ed7i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

2.3. T\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o khung ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o.<\/h3>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin th\u00f4ng qua n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u1ea5y sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o khung ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 v\u1ed1n d\u0129 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi \u2013 m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7t ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Warmkessel v\u00e0 McCade (1997), Farmer (2003), Brown, Murphy, v\u00e0 Nanny (2003), \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin. L\u00fd do l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

– N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 tri th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

– N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin trang b\u1ecb cho sinh vi\u00ean k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf khung ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

– N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do n\u00f3 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean (b\u00e0i t\u1ef1 lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 ki\u1ec3m tra, lu\u1eadn v\u0103n \u2026). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

– C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (ICT) \u0111ang l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5i thay m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a e-learning (h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn) n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb xa (off-campus) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u201ch\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tham gia c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ngay t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (in-campus)<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf m\u1ed7i c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, vi\u1ec7c trang b\u1ecb n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1i th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc. Bruce v\u00e0 Candy (1995) khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00ean tri\u1ec3n khai vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u1edf ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9:<\/p>\n

– C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc: vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong n\u1ed9i dung m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ecdc li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, Bruce v\u00e0 Candy (1995, tr. 248) khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00ean xem x\u00e9t \u201cm\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc\u201d, \u201cc\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc\u201d, \u201ckh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng tin\u201d, v\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc\u201d.<\/p>\n

– C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc: Bruce v\u00e0 Candy (1995) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t khi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p ki\u1ebfn\u00a0 th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c trang b\u1ecb n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

– C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o): c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ean kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin. T\u00ednh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

C\u01a1 s\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cung c\u1ea5p cho sinh vi\u00ean nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n qua b\u1ea3ng \u201cM\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin\u201d do Hine (2002, tr. 104) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/strong><\/td>\nTr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
G\u1eafn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n <\/strong><\/td>\nB\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadpGi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/td>\nB\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch sinh vi\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh<\/td>\nB\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadtGi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng tin <\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7nB\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 l\u1eadp danh m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a <\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n tin, c\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 phi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\nC\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c to\u00e1n t\u1eed logic trong t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm<\/td>\nC\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/td>\nC\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng tin ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\nGi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch m\u00f4n h\u1ecdcC\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n <\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng tin<\/td>\nGi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch m\u00f4n h\u1ecdcB\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadtC\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/td>\nGi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch m\u00f4n h\u1ecdcB\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n tin theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u<\/td>\nGi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Qua b\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu. S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c khung ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c, Rockman (2004) cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed7i nh\u00f3m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Theo \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp nh\u01b0: ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t; ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb xa.<\/p>\n

2.3. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tri\u1ec3n khai n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/h3>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 c\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y. Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin trong sinh vi\u00ean. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n h\u1ec7 hay n\u1ed9i dung n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bruce (1994), vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i to l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. M\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i C\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Australia (CAUL, 2004) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Australia<\/em> v\u1edbi ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Australia. B\u1ea3n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i \u01b0u tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 ba g\u1eafn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c \u0111an xen. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Australia th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0129 m\u00f4 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i dung d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

3. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu th\u1ebf chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea7n ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00eam Xu\u00e2n Huy<\/strong><\/em><\/div>\n

T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abid, A. (2004) Information literacy for lifelong learning. World Library and Information Congress: 70th IFLA General Conference and Council. <\/em>Buenos Aires, Argentina.<\/p>\n

ACRL (1989) Presidential committee on information literacy. Final report, truy c\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 15\/6\/2005, truy c\u1eadp t\u1ea1i <http:\/\/www.ala.org\/ala\/acrl\/acrlpubs\/whitepapers\/presidential.htm><\/p>\n

ACRL (2000) Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education, <\/em>Chicago, Association of College and Research Libraries.<\/p>\n

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ANZIIL (Ed.) (2004) Australian and New Zealand Information Literacy Framework: principles, standards and practice, <\/em>Adelaide, Australian and New Zealand Institute for Information Literacy.<\/p>\n

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Doskatsch, I. (2003) Perceptions and perplexities of the faculty-librarian partnership: an Australian perspective. Reference Services Review, vol. 31, no. 2, tr.\u00a0 111-121.<\/p>\n

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Hine, A. v\u00e0 \u2026 (2002) Embedding information literacy in a university subject through collaborative partnerships. Psychology Learning and Teaching,<\/em> vol. 2, no. 2, tr.\u00a0 102-107.<\/p>\n

Rader, H. B. (2002) Information Literacy\u2014An Emerging Global Priority. White Paper prepared for UNESCO, the U.S. National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, and the National Forum on Information Literacy, for use at the Information Literacy Meeting of Experts. Prague, The Czech Republic.<\/p>\n

Rockman, I. F. (2004) Integrating information literacy into the higher education curriculum: practical models for transformation, <\/em>San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.<\/p>\n

Spitzer, K. L., Eisenberg, M. B. & Lowe, C. A. (Eds.) (1998) Information literacy: essential skills for the information age, <\/em>Syracuse, New York, ERIC Clearinghouse on Information & Technology, Syracuse University.<\/p>\n

Warmkessel, M. M. & McCade, J. M. (1997) Integrating Information Literacy into the Curriculum. Research Strategies,<\/em> vol. 5, no. 2, tr.\u00a0 82-88.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Theo Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u M\u1ef9 (ACRL, 1989), ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cnh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3\u201d. Cheek v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c (1995, p. 2) tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a McKie v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft nhu c\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng tin, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin trong vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1768,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"aside","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[40,241],"tags":[108,128],"class_list":["post-16","post","type-post","status-publish","format-aside","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-professional","category-write","tag-giao-duc-dai-hoc","tag-khai-niem","post_format-post-format-aside"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/nxhuy.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/IMG_3038-001.jpg?fit=2048%2C1373&ssl=1","jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p1WI2C-g","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":238,"url":"https:\/\/nxhuy.net\/?p=238","url_meta":{"origin":16,"position":0},"title":"Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m information literacy","author":"admin","date":"23\/05\/2011","format":"aside","excerpt":"Xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00e3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n Th\u00f4ng tin - Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam (vietnamlib.net) Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m information literacy (IL) hi\u1ec7n nay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 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